Problems and Questions

Briefly explain the meaning of R-squared. A time series analysis of demand tends to result In a higher R-squared than one using cross-sectional data. Why do you think this Is the case? R-squared measures the goodness of fit of a regression equation. A time series analysis of demand tends to result in a higher Required than one using cross-sectional data because data is being gathered at multiple periods of time as opposed to one period of time when using cross-sectional data. II.What is the identification problem? What effect will this problem have on the regression estimates off demand function? Explain. The identification problem occurs when there Is an Inability In the principle to Identify the best estimate of values of one or more variables In regression. This problem effects regression estimates of a demand function because there is a simultaneous shifting of both the supply and demand, which results in biased results. Ill. A. Why are manufacturers' new orders, endogens capital goods, an appropriate leading indicator?They are an appropriate Indicator because they are commitments that show that economic activity will take place In the future. B. Why Is the Index of Industrial production an appropriate coincident Indicator? The Index of Industrial production Is an appropriate coincident indicator because it provides information about the current state of the economy. C. Why is the average prime rate charged by banks an appropriate lagging indicator? It's an appropriate lagging indicator because changes in the prime rate generally trail changes in the rest of the economy.IV. You have been asked to produce a forecast for your compacts product, bottled water. Discuss the kind of Information you would look for In order to make this forecast. An effective forecast for bottled water would Include sales revenue, marketing, competition, Seibel issues that may arise in the future, and information about the target demographic. V. One of the most difficult tasks in re gression analysis is to obtain the data suitable for quantitative studies of this kind.Suppose you are trying to estimate the demand for home furniture. Suggest kinds of variables that could be used to represent the following factors, which are believed to affect the demand for any product. Do you anticipate any difficulty in securing such data? Explain. Determinants of Demand for Furniture Suggested Variables to use in Regression Analysis Price Prices set for furniture at competing companies Tastes & Preferences % of people who like modern, rustic, traditional, contemporary, country, etc. Hypes of furniture Price of related products Price of accent Items (blinds, pillows, rugs) Income Average Income of buyers Cost or availability of credit % of people who purchase furniture with cash or credit Number of buyers # of sales per year Future expectations Availability of products, future income of buyers Other possible factors Seasonal sales I do not see any problem securing this data. M ost of this Information can be maker of a leading brand of low-calorie microwaveable food estimated the following emend equation for its product using data from 26 supermarkets around the country for the month of April.

Fly in the ointment

He was very well known for his short stories that were collected in number of volumes Tone & Mood Tone: Realistic. Pessimistic Mood: Sad, desolate Background The background Is about a son who wants to help his dad that has Just gone bankrupt. Everything from the factory was taken away by the creditors, however there is a sign outside the factory which is freshly painted and the brass plaque outside the office is shining.Character/Characterization There are only two characters In the story: Harold: -Harold has no illusions about his father. -Made his life somewhere else though he doses t have much money he should help his father. -Trusts his father despite he Is aware of his wheeling-dealing ways. Helping him makes him feel mean and disloyal. Harold ‘s Father: -Mixture of bravado and weakness. -Shifty, boastful and dishonest. Feels -Not -He never misses an opportunity to deride his son's position in life by making negative comments. Plot -The fly in the ointment is about a son, Harold who is worried about his father that as gone bankrupt, his father has worked for many years and he was expecting him to be in a very bad state as he had last seen, but then he sees him very optimistic about his situation. – They then talk and the son gets to see his father's two faces, one good and a bad one.In the end the father decides to give up and live without money. Summary -Harold wants to help his dad that was bankrupt -They chat for a while and the dad tells him how if he wasn't optimistic he would've already been dead -The dad decides to give up on money and live without it The son offers his father some money and he accepts Literary Devices Used -There is some foreshadowing when the son is going to enter his father's place: â€Å"The name of the firm, newly painted too†¦ Eely polished†. It lets us know that his father isn't in the same situation his son remembers him. Vocabulary & Expressions -A fly in the ointment means -someone or something tha t spoils a situation which could have been successful or pleasant. -The father is the fly in the ointment in this story as his father says: ‘Eve made my mistakes. I was thinking about it before you came. You know where I went wrong? You know where I made my mistake?†¦ The father himself admits he messed up the whole business and as his son says ‘Don't oblige me to say we know all about it' it means that they all know about it and that his father had problems with money Symbolism -The fly in the room they're talking in is one of the father's weaknesses. It symbolizes his lust for money that he's unable to reach. When he tries to go to the roof he's very unable to and makes him appear as he is more old than he already is.Analysis -A fly in the Ointment has Just two characters and it depicts a dysfunctional relationship between a father and his son, Harold. The father is an aggressive personality. -There is a streak of dishonesty and cruelty in him. He has Just gone ba nkrupt but has the attitude that it is for the best. -He claims he has no need for money but plans to live by the sea enjoying the sun which he can't shake off. -Harold is aware of his father's flaw and even if he's mean to him he tries to help him. The father has mask on all the time and it slips every now and then.

Payment of Gratuity Act

Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Outline †¢ Applicability of the Act (Sec 1) & Definitions (Sec 2) – employee, superannuation, continuous service (Sec 2(A)), Wages Payment of gratuity (Sec 4) o Continuous service of not less than 5 yrs o Calculation of gratuity in case of seasonal employees, in case of employee employed after disablement, on ‘retrenchment’, for service beyond the age of superannuation, on resignation o Calculation of â€Å"15 days† wages in respect of mthly rated employee, piece-rated employee, daily wager for 26 days in a month o Entitlement to gratuity with better terms o Withholding & forfeiture of gratuity Power to exempt (Sec 5) – payment of gratuity vis-a-vis curtailment of benefits by management Determination of the amt. of gratuity (Sec 7) o Duty of an employer to determine gratuity amt. o Mode of payment of gratuity & pd. f limitation to Controlling authority o Rate of interest Recovery of gratuity (Sec 8) o Delay in payme nt of gratuity – effect o Default in payment of gratuity or wages on part of employer Act to override other enactments (Sec 14) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1 Wages Sec 2(s) – B+DA + incentive wages * + Food Allowance (In case it is paid to Hotel Employees). Nomenclature of ‘honorarium’ to the remuneration for the services rendered by a person where employed for work. Not a part of wages under the Act, 1972 (bonus, commission, HRA, OT, & any other allowance like ‘teller’s allowance’ not even if it is vide bipartite settlements) * Bonus & incentive bonus paid separately – Bonus would include incentive wages (Not even in case of a piece rated employees) Continuous Service Read Sec 2(A) – in case of interruption of service due to illegal strike, the burden of proof lies upon the person who claims benefit under all circumstance. Where orders of Controlling / Appellate Authority put the onus on employee – HC held the normal rule by asking both the parties to lead evidence on the said issue. Other Issues Employee – if estopped from claiming gratuity after having once received a sum See if acceptance of gratuity estoppel against the statute [Sec 14] – Parry’s (Cal) Employees Union v. Union of India, 1980 Lab IC (Cal HC) Claim of gratuity for service beyond the age of superannuation, if also maintainable? Age of superannuation of an employee is not relevant for the purpose of payment of gratuity on his retirement / resignation. Cannot be refused gratuity in terms of Sec 4(1)(b) for the period of service rendered beyond the age of superannuation. Cannot be contended that gratuity is payable for the service rendered by him upto the age of his superannuation u/Sec 2(r). Break in service to be seen Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for mthly rated employee Daily wages – to be calculated for actual no. of working days which is 26 and not 30. Not to be calculated just by taking ? of his wages for a mth of 30 days. Not by fixing his daily wages dividing his mthly wages by 30 â€Å"15 days’ wages† – Cal & Guj HC & SC: 15 days’ wages should be taken as wages earned in 15 days and not wages earned during a pd. of 15 days including the days on which the employee is not entitled to payment of wages 2 Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for piece rated employee Avg. of total wages recd. by an empl for a pd. of 3 mths immediately preceding the termination of employment. Computed by dividing such total wages by the actual no. of days of work & not no. of days / no. of working days in the said pd. of 3 mths. (Wages payable for a day) x 15 Calculation of gratuity during pendency of disciplinary proceedings, & on dismissal for slowing down the work Gratuity cannot be withheld even if disciplinary proceeding is pending against an employee. Gratuity of an employee dismissed for willful slowing down of work cannot be withheld since there is no such bar in the Act. No deduction whatsoever, except as stipulated by Sec 4(6) pertaining to forfeiture on account of dismissal of an employee because of certain misconduct can be made from the payment of gratuity as payable to an employee. Kar HC Held: Non-payment of gratuity to an employee on his retirement on account of some lapses during his service is not tenable as his service has not been termination for any lapses. Retrenchment compensation whether can be set off against gratuity Statutory liability u/Act, 1972 is not in lieu of any other entitlement, but stands on its own. Entitlement under two diff. laws would depend upon the satisfaction of the essential requisites for claiming the sum due under the relevant provisions of these two enactments 3

The Movie Antz Compared To Real World Political Systems

In the movie Antz, the colony's government was set up with the Queen as the supreme ruler over the entire colony. All decisions for life in the colony were made by the Queen. All ants were required to work together for the greater good of the colony. Ants were not allowed free thought or to be individuals and make choices for themselves. The Queen's daughter, Princess Balla, was to take over the Queen's position and rule the colony simply because she was the Queen's daughter. She inherited this right.There were three social classes of ants that were determined at birth, Royalty, Soldiers and Workers. They remained in that class their entire life and are not allowed to mix between the classes or change. Each of the classes entitled ants to different rights and styles of living, with Royalty being the top citizens and workers the bottom citizens. Within each of the classes, all ants were equal and expected to follow the rules of the colony. There was a General appointed by the Queen th at ruled over the soldiers. The purpose of the army was to protect the colony.The Queen ruled the Ant Colony in all of the ways of a Monarchy. The right to rule the Colony is inherited at birth. In this case, the Queen, is the supreme ruler of the Colony. The Queen has all of the wealth of the colony and determines how it is divided among the colony. As in a Monarchy, the Queen will rule the Colony for her entire life and then control will be inherited by her family. The Queen makes all final decisions for the Colony. She also rules with with the idea to â€Å"work together for the greater good of the Colony†.The Colony Government also resembles a Communist government because they were not allowed any free thought or choice. All of the ants carried out life like programmed robots. This was true under both the Queen and General Mandible. However, her goals were for the greater good of the colony as a whole which is more like a Monarchy. General Mandible's goals were self servi ng which is like a Dictatorship. General Mandible lead the soldiers with an iron fist. His leadership style was very much like that of a Dictatorship.A dictatorship does not allow any freedom or individual thought to the people. Many of General Mandible's traits were the same as Adolph Hitler's dictatorship way of ruling. General Mandible felt the way to total control was to â€Å"cleanse the colony† and make a new â€Å"pure colony† according to his ideas of the perfect class of people. Hitler had the same goal. To achieve this they needed complete and total control of everything. They did not allow anyone to question their directions, not even their second in command. To do so would mean death in a dictatorship.General Mandible stated â€Å"do as I say or suffer execution†. Both General Mandible and Hitler had commanders under them that were required to enforce and carry out their orders. They were both planning to use genocide to get rid of the classes of peo ple they felt were inferior to themselves. General Mandible's dream was for â€Å"the strong to rise above the weak and wash away the past for a new day to dawn†. He wanted to build a colony with none of the â€Å"worker filth†. Even though General Mandible told the soldiers it was bad to act as an individual, that is exactly how he behaved.Under General Mandible's rule there would be no private ownership of property and he would determine how the wealth was to be divided which is another trait of a Dictatorship. Insectopia is an example of Anarchy because there are no leaders, no rules and no government. Each individual does whatever they want all of the time. The goal is peace and harmony. Although there is the ultimate freedoms with Anarchy, the system can quickly become chaotic due to the lack of any government authority if any one group tries to control another.Z wants to experience all there is to life and not be told what to do and how to do it. He sees Insectop ia as the perfect place to live because of the total freedom. The changes that occurred at the end of the movie with the General being defeated and royalty, soldiers and workers coming together reminded me of the changes that occurred in the USSR with the fall of the controlling government and the beginning of a democracy. The new Colony recognized the good that can come from individual freedoms and choices that are allowed in a democracy.The Colony came together as one whole and chose their new leaders the way an election happens in a democracy. These leaders would work with the Colony to carry out the wishes of the majority of the Colony with no one class being better than another. The individuals would now be free to make their decisions of daily living based on what they wanted. There were still some basic rules that would need to be in place to assure no one group got too powerful and tried to take over control. This is how democracy works in the USA with the people electing th eir leaders based on the majority wishes for a representative democracy. The Movie Antz Compared To Real World Political Systems In the movie Antz, the colony's government was set up with the Queen as the supreme ruler over the entire colony. All decisions for life in the colony were made by the Queen. All ants were required to work together for the greater good of the colony. Ants were not allowed free thought or to be individuals and make choices for themselves. The Queen's daughter, Princess Balla, was to take over the Queen's position and rule the colony simply because she was the Queen's daughter. She inherited this right. There were three social classes of ants that were determined at birth, Royalty, Soldiers and Workers.They remained in that class their entire life and are not allowed to mix between the classes or change. Each of the classes entitled ants to different rights and styles of living, with Royalty being the top citizens and workers the bottom citizens. Within each of the classes, all ants were equal and expected to follow the rules of the colony. There was a General appointed by the Queen th at ruled over the soldiers. The purpose of the army was to protect the colony.The Queen ruled the Ant Colony in all of the ways of a Monarchy. The right to rule the Colony is inherited at birth. In this case, the Queen, is the supreme ruler of the Colony. The Queen has all of the wealth of the colony and determines how it is divided among the colony. As in a Monarchy, the Queen will rule the Colony for her entire life and then control will be inherited by her family. The Queen makes all final decisions for the Colony. She also rules with with the idea to â€Å"work together for the greater good of the Colony†.The Colony Government also resembles a Communist government because they were not allowed any free thought or choice. All of the ants carried out life like programmed robots. This was true under both the Queen and General Mandible. However, her goals were for the greater good of the colony as a whole which is more like a Monarchy. General Mandible's goals were self servi ng which is like a Dictatorship.General Mandible lead the soldiers with an iron fist. His leadership style  was very much like that of a Dictatorship. A dictatorship does not allow any freedom or individual thought to the people. Many of General Mandible's traits were the same as Adolph Hitler's dictatorship way of ruling. General Mandible felt the way to total control was to â€Å"cleanse the colony† and make a new â€Å"pure colony† according to his ideas of the perfect class of people. Hitler had the same goal. To achieve this they needed complete and total control of everything.They did not allow anyone to question their directions, not even their second in command. To do so would mean death in a dictatorship. General Mandible stated â€Å"do as I say or suffer execution†. Both General Mandible and Hitler had commanders under them that were required to enforce and carry out their orders. They were both planning to use genocide to get rid of the classes of people they felt were inferior to themselves. General Mandible's dream was for â€Å"the strong to rise above the weak and wash away the past for a new day to dawn†.He wanted to build a colony with none of the â€Å"worker filth†. Even though General Mandible told the soldiers it was bad to act as an individual, that is exactly how he behaved. Under General Mandible's rule there would be no private ownership of property and he would determine how the wealth was to be divided which is another trait of a Dictatorship.Insectopia is an example of Anarchy because there are no leaders, no rules and no government. Each individual does whatever they want all of the time. The goal is peace and harmony. Although there is the ultimate freedoms with Anarchy, the system can quickly become chaotic due to the lack of any government authority if any one group tries to control another. Z wants to experience all there is to life and not be told what to do and how to do it. He sees Insec topia as the perfect place to live because of the total freedom.The changes that occurred at the end of the movie with the General being defeated and royalty, soldiers and workers coming together reminded me of the changes that occurred in the USSR with the fall of the controlling government and the beginning of a democracy. The new Colony recognized the good that can come from individual freedoms and choices that are allowed in a democracy.The Colony came together as one whole and chose their new leaders the way an election happens in a democracy. These leaders would work with the Colony to carry out the wishes of the majority of the Colony with no one class being better than another. The individuals would now be free to make their decisions of daily living based on what they wanted. There were still some basic rules that would need to be in place to assure no one group got too powerful and tried to take over control. This is how democracy works in the USA with the people electing their leaders based on the majority wishes for a representative democracy.

Computers and Ethics in the Workplace Essay

This paper discusses issues with ethics that have derived in the workplace as a result of the use of business computers. The definition of computer ethics is simple; they are a set of moral principles that intend to help with the regulation of the use of computers. Some common problems with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. As technology continues to evolve, there are a great deal of ethical issues and principles of behavior concerning privacy and accurateness for managerial leaders to deal with. In finding the issues of ethics that the Technology Age has brought to the workplace, organizations must be hands-on when it is time to highlight ethical use of technology by employees. Making sure that employees are knowledgeable on the proper policies the organization has on computer ethics. Promoting good computer ethics is a great way for companies to keep morale high and unnecessary issues from arising in the workplace. Introduction As technology like computers progresses, they will continue to contain a larger impact on people in today’s society. For that reason, computer ethics supports the how some debate on just how much influence computers need to have in human communication. With computers evolving constantly, ethical standards will continue to be constructed by computer ethics and will always have newer concerns that come from recent technology. With the new changes in technology like computers, more supervisors are coping with having to manager employees for proper use of company computers; they have to stay informed of all new ethical problems and the laws that were created to enforce ethics with workers. These are problematic areas, particularly with the arrival of the World Wide Web. To date, there have been problems with employees using company computers for purposes other than work. This subject has become more of a problem in today’s society and has been addressed by employers through monitoring computer usage, creating ritten policies, and enforcing other tactics to teach and inflict the ethics of computer use to employees at all levels. This paper topic was inspired through my own experience of an employer who felt that productivity was lower than past years, due to employees who utilized the Internet for reasons other than work. Today, we have monitored email and they are able to tell what Internet sites we visit daily and the duration of the time we are on that site. I must say as an employee, I felt violated for not being able to utilize the Internet throughout the day, as I am someone who still gets my work done each day no matter what. But I can see their reasoning behind and cannot blame them for keeping an eye out. Current Situation Ethics is a set of truthful principles that oversee the actions of people. As a result, computer ethics goes hand in hand with ethics with the intention to control how employees use computers. Often times, frequent issues with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. A current study shows how computers are making a heavy affect on ethics at work. One study said that almost half of the people they polled said they have participated in some kind of unethical act that relates to computers at work in the last 12 months. Another study found that one out of six working people believes conventional thoughts of moral and immoral have been superseded by new technologies (Websense and Saratoga Institute). These days, its almost impossible for one to keep up with how fast technology advances and has a significant influence on how we do business these days. Corporations, management and employees have to be able to keep up with the changing times in order to be competitive in their profession. The Internet creates an interesting predicament, with many employees utilizing it at work on a daily. The main concern is whether communication and information by way of the Internet should be monitored; this concerns both business and personal communications at work. This issue of employees and the Internet at work is a concern of many employers and managers, because in most cases it affects productivity

Justin Sport

Paragraph: Where you are from? What is your family like? Who are your friends? What are they like? Why are you friends? I'm Justine sport I am from Kansas City Kansas born and raised. My family is very friendly e love to cook out watch football and baseball together, we love to play baseball, it's are number one sport.My friends are the people that will have your back no matter what even if you're wrong they talk to you about personal things. My friends are like fun, outgoing, athlete, etc. We are friends because they are there for me when I need them and everything. 2nd Paragraph: What are you like? What are your interests, goals, and dreams? What is one thing that you are truly passionate about? I am very outgoing person, funny, athletic.My goals in life is to graduate, and to go to the Marines 3rd Paragraph: What has your school experience been like? Who was your favorite teacher and why? What do you like about school? What do you dislike about school? 4th Paragraph: What do you h ope to accomplish here at Endeavor? What are your goals? How will you accomplish those goals? 5th Paragraph: What should I know about you as your teacher? How can I help you succeed? How can we work well together?

Philosophy - Introduction to Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy - Introduction to Ethics - Essay Example her in prison for six years, the system hopes that it will teach a future generation that just because you commit a crime and then become a fugitive for twenty-three years, you still do not escape justice. This is a utilitarian view. On the other hand, the retributivist view is the one I favor. Susan Ann Power did not need to be locked up to prevent her from committing future crimes. She had become a law abiding citizen for twenty-three years. This still did not change the crimes she had helped commit. Most state and federal laws, certainly the ones where Powers and her accomplices committed their crimes, state accomplices are just as guilty as the actual participants. Under these laws, Powers and Saxe could have received life sentences for the death of the Boston police officer. The least that Powers could serve was six years for the participation in a man’s murder. While she was on the run, having a sun, getting married, and being a good citizen, this officer’s family was suffering from his death. Everyone who participated in this crime needed to pay for the price of this man’s life, not just the one who shot him. Susan Ann Power received a balanced sentence of eight to twelve years. She proved that she would not continue in criminal activity. Power proved that she could become a law abiding citizen. Although she deserved to pay for her crime, her up standing life should have been taken into account as well. People labeled Bentham’s theory of the good life as â€Å"the pig philosophy†, because Bentham’s felt there were only two true mediums; pleasure and pain. He felt that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness. Although at first his theory was good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people, he soon saw how the two parts contradicted each other. After that, Bentham only went with the greatest happiness theory. Bentham’s theory was considered â€Å"the pig philosophy†, because what can give

Transformations of Thailand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Transformations of Thailand - Research Paper Example However, this has undergone change. The civil society gas grown and this has developed a participatory political structure in Thailand. This environment has triggered greater abiding of the rule of law and has implemented a system which is more balanced and effective (Thailand Country Report, p.14). The urban elite society has evolved which remains well connected with the senior bureaucrats, international donors and politicians. The loosely cohering and fragmented party system in Thailand has been restructured. The Democratic Party has become highly institutionalized. The number of parties has increased from 1.65 in 2005 to 6 in 2007 and party fragmentation has also increased. The party system was characterized by multi-member system of district election. The civil society has been evolving and is getting more connected to the business associations, bureaucrats and political parties. The workers’ union has been given greater say and responsibility. The NGOs have grown in impor tance. They have also formed alliance with the top bureaucrats and political leaders. The conditions of female workers and children have improved over the years. In the rural areas, the responsibility of self-organisations has increased. The village community has become more cohesive and their actions have become more collective in nature (Thailand Country Report, p.13). ... The Government has implemented policies to allow more cultural space for the Thai-Malays. These efforts were primarily made in favor of preserving the cultural identity of both nations and reducing the impact of the armed insurgency. Thailand has witnessed an increase in the number of programs for creating equal right and opportunities among people (The Asia Foundation, â€Å"Resolving Conflict in the South†). The makers of policy have increased their focus on the development of system capabilities to bring about changes in the educational system in Thailand. This has primary aroused out of the response of the global response to the increasing gap between traditional educational capabilities and the demands of the information system (Hallinger & Kantamara, â€Å"Introduction†). The Thai schools have introduced lessons on cross cultural studies. The country has become more competent in its ability to adapt to changes. Efforts are being made to build the nation’s a bilities to adapt such capabilities. Political Thailand has been undergoing dramatic political transformation. The changes have been incorporated to strengthen the democratic institutions and also as a conflict resolving measure that has been occurring in the Muslim dominated provinces in the southern provinces. The provinces of Yala, Pattani and Narathiwat happen to be predominantly occupied by Muslims. The states lying between Buddhist Thailand and Muslim Malaysia are diverse in terms of culture, linguistics identity from the two countries. The development of government policies in Thailand is ethno-centric which has alienated the Muslim community and aroused armed militancy. Transformation programs have evolved for creating and maintaining equal rights and opportunities in favor of the Muslims (The Asia

Corn as biofuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corn as biofuel - Research Paper Example Courting this scenario an alternative source of energy is in its utmost need. At this background a series of alternative sources of energy such as solar energy, hydro electric energy, and atomic energy all made their entrance on the discussion table. However the most new form of alternative might be the bio fuel that nowadays has gathered much interest of the scientists. Among the bio fuels, Jatropha, Pongamia are some very common names, but the recent emergence of corn as a vital source of bio fuel and there by a source of energy might be nothing short of path breaking. However before moving into details regarding the corn fuel it would be wise to consider some associated points before hand. Crude Oil & USA United States of America is the largest consumer of crude oil and the third largest producer. In statistical terms USA produces around 10% of the global crude oil and consumes 24% of the same. Furthermore in order to keep its existence in export market the country indulges in exp orting 1.4 million barrels of crude oil per day. A careful consideration of this situation clearly indicates a demand supple gap that needs to be filled with import of crude oil. It has been estimated that USA in the year 2007 imported 12MMBD that is in terms of percentage 58% of the total domestic demand (Energy Information Center 2008). Dependency of USA in terms of crude oil on other countries and overseas Among the total import of crude oil the Western Hemisphere constitutes 51% of the total import. Canada, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Nigeria are other oil exporting countries in USA in exact order. The following table depicts the dependence of USA in terms of crude oil import based on 2007 data. Name of the Country Percentage of Crude oil exported to USA Western Hemisphere (North, South, Central America along with parts of USA in Caribbean) 51% Canada 23.3% Venezuela 10.7% Saudi Arabia 10.4% Mexico 9.2% Nigeria 8.3% Source: Energy Information Association, 2008 Rickman, 2 009 Alarming news is that this dependency without being reduced over the time is actually increasing and statistics reveals that import of crude oil has actually increased by 0.183 MMBD in August 2008 over the previous month. It should also be kept in mind that countries like Iraq, Brazil, Angola and Kuwait are kept aside of the above table who contributes at substantial level to the USA oil import. (Energy Information Center, n.d.; Energy Information Center 2008) Why should we look at alternative fuels? As mentioned earlier that fossil fuel is limited in availability and it is constantly depleting, at this rate either coal or crude oil can not sustain as the prime form of global energy source beyond 2025 to 2035. Humanity is in search for some alternatives that can be used and re used time and again as a source of energy or at least can be produced at one’s free will. The trade partners of USA in Crude oil and their unfriendly behaviour USA shares a hostile relation apart fr om Saudi Arabia and partially with Kuwait among al the Middle East countries. Among them Iraq and Iran are USA’s arch enemies. Saudi’s oil reserve is depleting and it can not hold for long its position as an important oil exporting country. Kuwaiti oil wells were set in fire long back during the Iraq-Kuwait war and that had eroded the country of the prime position it used to enjoy as oil enriched country. Again historically Middle East is an area that has

Ethics in the 21st Century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in the 21st Century - Research Paper Example nity and reliance among the populace from all regions, is depicted as being ambiguous or disastrous in the way of life and morals that previously established civilizations. Humankind is far from attaining the resolutions required to deal with the trans-boundary matters and setbacks that come with the growing global population. On the other hand, what appears positive is that the states of such a community require reflections on the essential facets necessary to uphold a quiet and useful community (Ethics for the 21st Century, 2001). Whereas a small community requires only a little comprehension and agreement on the governing rules and foundations on a directing set of fundamental standards to guide the process; a global community has no prevailing constitution, principles or mores that could serve as a reference. What is deficient is a global organization for governance and an ethical structure as its reference. On a global scale, this link between ethics and governance can be heard effectively from the United Nations. As conveyed in a speech by Mr. Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the results of the current events awaken us that â€Å"perhaps more sharply than ever before, of the strains and stresses that accompany globalization and the need for shared global values and effective global institutions to underpin the global marketâ€Å" (1999). Still, the question remains: How will the pursued values be carried out, and how will its success for international governance be executed (Ethi cs for the 21st Century, 2001)? In a quest for a common ground by the global community, there must be room for proactive endeavor and intercultural exchange and discussion on ethics. The necessity for worldwide teamwork and solidarity on the ethical responses to existing problems are reflected in the different ethical schemes carried out by key intercontinental organizations. Nowadays, mankind witnesses unparalleled attempts worldwide encouraging expression on the

No Country for Women and Pink Saris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No Country for Women and Pink Saris - Essay Example The film agitates women to demand better representation in organizations and government. â€Å"No Country for Women† constrains copious stories within it, which underscore the past injustices, as well as forms of discrimination meted on Indian women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the caste system in Indian underlined in â€Å"No Country for Women† impacts both genders, women are often subject to more intense ridicule compared to men. Furthermore, the film shows the gender-based discrimination particularly targeted toward empowered and well-educated women. Despite many of the women acquiring good education through a formal, institutionalized system of learning, a typical Indian woman is still subject to discrimination in the workplace and the organization in general. Apparently, most organizations are structured such that power and authority revolve around men. Besides, Indian men have more cultural rights to social freedom, mobility, and autonomy outside the home compared to women. The film has effectively demonstrated how domestic responsibilities, as well as the socially and culturally specified roles, deter women from fully participating in various matters at the organizational and national level .   The second film, â€Å"Pink Saris†, is fairly long and primarily about the Gulabi Gang. A gang is a group of women standing to champion for their rights and that of other women in a feudal part of India. The film is set in Uttar Pradesh, one of the poorest and most federal areas of India. The area has a long history of patriarchy, abuse, and corruption. The Gulabi Gang, an outspoken and aggressive group of women, is fighting the system. Directed by Kim Longinotto, â€Å"Pink Saris† focuses on the women gang and their families. Apparently, women in this part of India do not have rights to equality. A typical case in point is the story of a man (in the film) who has been together with a girl for at least two years but ditched her after she becomes pregnant. The girl, evidently disconsolate and heartbroken, wants to die.   Sampat Pal, the protagonist, was married into a family while still a young girl. The family made her work strenuously hard and often beat her. In the end, she successfully manages to fight back, leaving her in-laws and ultimately becoming a champion and defender for beleaguered women across Uttar Pradesh. Rekha, a fourteen-year-old girl, is three months old and homeless. The father to her unborn child has refused to marry her because she belongs to a low caste.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research Paper

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Research Paper Example During these prolonged incidents of best rest, elderly adults incur an increased risk for pressure ulcers. Other chronic conditions also present a similar risk of prolonged bed rest including osteoarthritis and cancer. This issue is being reviewed because pressure ulcers are preventable conditions, especially if the adequate nursing management remedies are in place. There are, however, factors or issues which impact on the management of pressure ulcers. This review now, therefore, seeks to evaluate the effective management of pressure ulcers among elderly patients with chronic diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), about 160,000 nursing home residents have had pressure ulcers, with Stage 2 pressure ulcer being the most common affliction. Residents who were more than 64 years of age were also likely to suffer from this issue and those who have had shorter hospital stays (one year or less) were also more likely to suffer from pressure ulcers, as c ompared to those who have stayed in nursing homes for longer durations (CDC, 2011). About one in five of these elderly patients with pressure ulcers have gone through weight loss and about 30% of these residents had to receive special wound care services for their health issue. In general, pressure ulcers are attributed to unrelieved pressure on the skin and often develop over bony protrusions. They are also serious medical issues and a common issue encountered among patients in nursing homes. About 2-28% of nursing home elderly patients are suffering from pressure ulcers and these ulcers are graded from stage 1 to stage 4 depending on the range of skin breakage seen on the ulcers. In about 1.5 million nursing home patients, 160,000 have been diagnosed with pressure ulcers at one point during their residence.

Is it still necessary to know what constitutes a bank Essay

Is it still necessary to know what constitutes a bank - Essay Example To eliminate vagueness or ambiguity of a concept entails the formulation of a definition. However, one’s definition extends to the breadth of his/her exposure to the subject matter. At times, though, development becomes rapid that one’s knowledge or awareness regarding the subject lags behind. This could be said when seeking an exact definition of what a bank is. Advancements in technology and business have resulted in more efficient banking operations. The same have also resulted in increasingly complex banking systems and the laws governing banking operations, thus, making it relatively more difficult to come up with an encompassing definition across ages and disciplines. In the ancient times, it would be relatively easier to find a definition for banks due to the simplicity of the system and that people used common services. Over the years, some additional functions including the acceptance of deposits, transferring of money from one account to the other, extending of loans and investing of funds have become notable (Heaton). With the worldwide improvements in transportation and infrastructure, people have become increasingly mobile, trade on the international level occurred. At the rate trade both on the national and international levels has developed, banks have exponentially increased their functions and the services they provide. In this regard, aside from being economic agents, banks have evolved into becoming legal entities as well. Banks can be defined by economic agents based on their functions and classification, which are as follows: -Banks (commercial banks) are privately or state- owned, offering a broad range of financial services to myriad economic agents subject to control and regulation of government agency concerned. They finance credit needs of individuals, firms and governments. Moreover, they receive deposits, transfer funds, issue traveler's checks and letters of credit, and safe keep valuables. Aside from these, they also serve as trustees for economic agents, act as agents for purchase and sale of assets and disseminate relevant information pertaining to the economy. (Menzies) Banks (savings banks) that promote savings especially for moderate-income earners where deposits of clients are invested in government obligation or treasury bills and other medium- to long-term industrial obligations (Menzies). They extend loans for single-family homes and other residential properties as well as business consumer loans and mortgages ("What's the Difference"). Banks (investment banks) primarily function to finance investments of both private enterprises and government across various levels. They market a variety of stocks and bond issues as well as arrange mergers and assist in a number of specialized lending fields. (Menzies) Although the functions of these banks have become less distinct over the years, differences lie in the regulatory and supervisory structures ("What's the Difference"). Depending on their legal classification, these banks are regulated by different government agencies and regulatory bodies. Their operations are governed by laws stipulated in the UK Banking Act 1987. There are also some financial intermediaries with functions similar to a bank, but not classified as banks. The definitions given above do not seem to differentiate these non-bank institutions from banks in terms of function. Non-bank financial institutions may include the following: Credit Unions. These are cooperative financial institutions formed by groups of people who pool their funds which serve as based deposits. Similarly, they accept deposits in a variety of accounts just like banks. ("What's the Diff

Smith Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Smith Engineering - Essay Example The company seeks to develop engineering solutions for the Automotive and Nuclear industries. Smith Engineering aims at providing innovative engineering solutions to its clients. The company focuses on reliability, responsiveness, and quality design. In order to achieve such goals, the organization requires effective management (Institute of Director publication, 2005). Effective management means executing the managerial tasks effectively and with high level of efficiency. These managerial tasks may include: planning, coordinating, organizing, controlling, supervising, directing, staffing among others. Organizations owe the community and its stakeholder moral obligations. Moral Corporation is developed via corporate responsibility and the environment. Corporate responsibility entails two issues: doing the positive good to the community, and doing no harm or whatsoever to the community. This means that the corporations pay back to the community through participating in community beaut ification efforts and events, volunteering expertise, donating money to the worthy causes and being a responsible employer. On the other hand, doing no harm entails efforts of the business towards the environment in its production activities, transportation and disposal. Therefore, in order to best examine moral corporations and corporate responsibility for the environment let us start by considering issues of the environment we face. There is a wide possibility of developing a moral corporation; this requires looking closely at values and changing attitudes (Anne-Marie, 2003). The development of moral corporations needs to ensure that the environment is duly protected. Environmental ethics is complicated in practice because of the numerous distinct perspectives that are involved. The development of moral corporations needs to encompass this ethics. In some situations it may be difficult for corporations to understand the environmentalists’ arguments on environmental ethics. Disagreements hence rise on plans for developing a moral corporation. It is obvious that corporations possess different viewpoints on ethics of the environment (Wheatley, 2006). It is, however, possible for corporations put their different options aside for the good of the environment and agree simply that some actions about the environment need to be done in order to make corporations morally upright. In order to develop a moral corporation, such corporations need to admit that protection of the environment is important, whether they are acting out of a sense of responsibility or out of a sense of self-preservation for the future generation, for to the Earth itself or to all the forms of life. Corporations need to adopt an environmental pragmatism. This ensures that moral corporations are developed and maintained; that the corporations can achieve a consensus on the values of the environment that identify and determine the policies of the environment that all other corporations can agree on (Karl, 2009). Organizations like SE employ various strategies in order to meet their goals. Organizations need effective management in order to maximize their production under the prevailing conditions of scarce resources. Managers need to shift their focus to the contemporary issues of organizations such as the ambiguity, uncertainty, and complexity of organizations. It is also important for upcoming managers to exhibit a critical understanding of management practice and theory. Effective internal management of an organization demands

The Cornish Villages 4G Trial report Coursework

The Cornish Villages 4G Trial report - Coursework Example 4G enables full fledged IP based communication through a mobile device with every device having a unique IP address and harmonizing â€Å"global roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance† (www.4Gtechnology.com). BT Wholesale and Everything Everywhere (EE) have begun a trial run of 4G technology to provide broadband services to St. Newlyn East and South Newquay in Cornwall. The project has called for 200 subscribers to register for the service that would enable them to receive broadband through mobile and landline services. This report studies the technical, social, user, legal and policy aspects related to this project of implementing 4G in the Cornish villages, to understand the main challenges during the process of implementation. Technical background BT Wholesale along with EE has identified the two Cornish villages to be connected for trial implementation of 4G/LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology through mobile broadband that is 10Mb of the total 150Mb generated in the lab. This project aims to prove that mobile broadband technology is more viable than laying of fibre. This project aims to study the viability of integrating two different providers’ architectures to deliver high speed broadband to remote villages within UK. High resolution mobile devices when connected to 4G technology enable streaming video and ubiquitous computing. Technologies like wireless mesh networks and cognitive radio networks are used to allocate equal network traffic over equal bandwidths to ensure secure connections. UMTS, OFDM, SDR, TD-SCDMA, MIMO and to the some extent, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access) are used in 4G (freewimaxinfo.com). While seamless broadband connections are available for users, the connections receive and can send data from WiMAX towers, switching from one tower to the other, being based on IP (Tandall, 2011). IEEE’s (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.22 â₠¬Ëœwhite space Internet’ standard is being used to allow wireless broadband through analogue television signal frequency range of 54MHz to 698MHz. This standard enables lower speeds over higher range of spectrum to cover remote areas that were difficult to connect through 3G internet. White space internet ‘wireless regional area networks’ (WRANs) provide access to at least 62 miles with speeds of 22Mbs which can cover wide areas in the remote villages of Cornwall (Philips, 2011). High speed data with high security and instant download is enabled by 4G which is based on WiMAX and LTE and supports WiMAX Network system (network infrastructure) and mobile phone set. 4G technology enabled smartphones are based on wireless IP connectivity and manages voice data through packet-switching instead of circuit-switching as in the case of internet technology of 3G. Further, LTE which is developed on radio wave technology is said to provide internet facility using both systems as it is compatible with 3G technologies. This feature enables existing networks to be used based on MIMO (Multiple input multiple output) and transmits and receives high data transfer speed while transiting from one mode to another through the same bandwidths (freewimaxinfo.com). Switching from analogue to digital broadcasting services as per the ‘Digital Agenda’, the 800MHz digital dividend sub-band consisting of 790-862MHz

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 - Essay Example Prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities (Sec, 2011). The following year the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was created. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 gives the SEC power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies as well as the nation's securities self regulatory organizations (SROs) (Sec, 2011). Both these Acts worked as control mechanisms that ensure the market works properly. The consumer of financial instruments needed an agency to properly regulate the market. References Sec.gov (2011). Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml#secexact1934. Sec.gov (2011). The Laws that Govern the Securities Industry: Securities Act of 1933. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml. DQ2 At the beginning of the 21st century after decades of a bull market in which people believed on Wall Street the financi al industry was devastated by a series of financial scandals including Adelphia, Tyco, WorldCom and the infamous Enron debacle. The U.S. Congress acted quickly in relative terms and by 2002 they formulated a new legislation called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX). SOX had a very positive impact on the market because it was effective at raising the confidence of the consumers of financial instruments. ... Corrupt executive managers including CEOs, Controllers, and CFO now face up to 25 years in prison for their crimes. White collar criminals are going to be judged as severely as hard core criminals such as murders, thieves, and drug dealers. One of the cons of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is that it costs several million dollars to implement the regulations. Public companies have been complaining for years about the excessive costs of implementation of the Act. 3. I like your perspective about the importance of the Securities Act of 1933 and 1934. I personally believed that these acts came after the government realized that the market crash on 1929 needed to be prevented from occurring again. It took 58 years for another market crash of similar magnitude to occur. In 1987 Wall Street was devastated by its biggest one day down in value since Black Tuesday. The government always seems to react to news affecting the market. In 2002 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created based on a reaction to a se ries of economic scandals including Enron and WorldCom. 4. You are correct in your asseveration that War Times influence the marketplace. This many be true, but if you think about history is repeating itself. The United States has been at war with Iraq and Afghanistan for nearly a decade with no end in sight. The recession of 2008 occur while the U.S was at war. The U.S. is spending over $100 billion each year in war, while its citizens are suffering in a horrible economy where nearly 1 out of 10 people are unemployed. 5. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was created as a direct consequence of Enron and a series of other financial scandals including WorldCom, Tyco, and Adelphia. It is my opinion that despite the high cost of implementation the Sarbanes

Division of Nursing and Health Management Essay

Division of Nursing and Health Management - Essay Example The patient is suffering from an associated nonallergic rhinitis where infection and underlying sinusitis are important causes. The rhinitis may also be associated with his use of antihypertensive agents as prescribed medications. Sinusitis or inflammation of the mucus-lined cavities of the nose occurs in high proportion of cases of upper respiratory infections. The congested turbinates have most probably blocked the openings of the sinuses, so the initial infection has changed into an acute suppurative process causing purulent discharge. Chronic inflammation of the nasal passages due to environmental exposure is an important cause, and in the management and patient education, this must be adequately attended to. The other issue to be included in the management is counteraction of the pathophysiologic process. Running et al. (2006) indicated that acute sinusitis occurs with infection of the paranasal sinuses. It is known that the most frequent initiating event is upper respiratory in fection. Inflammatory nasal congestion, edema, and transudation of fluid would lead to obstruction of the sinus cavities. These serve as excellent media for bacterial growth, and several common bacteria have been identified to cause such infections. The important issue in care management would be teaching patient self-care. ... Thus tonsillar inflammation and pharyngeal inflammation are normal to encounter (Rosenfeld et al., 2007). The tonsillar involvement is limited to inflammation, and the absence of exudates indicates absence of infection. The patient is suffering from an associated nonallergic rhinitis where infection and underlying sinusitis are important causes. The rhinitis may also be associated with his use of antihypertensive agents as prescribed medications. Sinusitis or inflammation of the mucus lined cavities of the nose occurs in high proportion of cases of upper respiratory infections. The congested turbinates have most probably blocked the openings of the sinuses, so the initial infection has changed into an acute suppurative process causing purulent discharge. Chronic inflammation of the nasal passages due to environmental exposure is an important cause, and in the management and patient education, this must be adequately attended to. The other issue to be included in the management is counteraction of the pathophysiologic process. Running et al. (2006) indicated that acute sinusitis occurs with infection of the paranasal sinuses. It is known that the most frequent initiating event is upper respiratory in fection. Inflammatory nasal congestion, edema, and transudation of fluid would lead to obstruction of the sinus cavities. These serve as excellent media for bacterial growth, and several common bacteria have been identified to cause such infections. The important issue in care management would be teaching patient self care. The instructions would involve methods which may promote drainage of the sinuses with the use of steam bath, increasing intake of fluid, and applying hot wet packs over the areas of involved sinuses. The patient uses over

Call to Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Call to Action - Essay Example porating communities, public and private sectors as well as families aimed at changing the negative notion about illness and obesity to a positive one peddled by alteration of national conversation with particular focus being healthy and fitness. The identified news article is the Public Health report Journal published in July-August 2010. It is traced from the PMC (PMC2882598) regarded as US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. The report has been a vocal tool based on call to action proactive strategy. The initiative assigned specific roles to different institution and individuals. It is inspired by the need to reduce overweight and obesity based on promotion of exercise across the board. The ‘Exercise Medicine Initiative’ being a multinational and multi-organizational, is embedded on promotion of physical activities as the pillars upon which treatment and prevention of obesity and overweight are pegged. It culminated into immediate exercised-based actions spearheaded by close interactions amongst clinicians and patients. The report culminated into beneficial linkages between fitness professionals, the public and clinicians presenting avenues for instructions aimed at ensuring active and healthy individuals. Actions thus emerged to proactively advocate for exercise as the new medicine for obesity. With respect to communities, schools and workplaces, physical activities have been promoted to ensure well-being and increased health stocks. Besides, policy makers have also refocused on physical fitness-attached policies (Kazaks, 2013, p.122). This has also extended to clinicians as well as fitness professionals who have been subsequently incorporated exercise in their interaction with patients and clients. Media has remained the centerpiece in mobilizing the public to be educated and empowered via physical exercise consultations and counselling. Websites have been developed to sensitize people and patients on the pros attached to this

C. Inflation Factor Essay Example for Free

C. Inflation Factor Essay Global growth remains noticeably above the historical trend, while inflation and long-run interest rates are unusually low. Global headline inflation has picked up in response to higher oil prices, but core inflation has been little affected and inflationary expectations remain well grounded. This has raised questions as to whether low inflation reflects deflationary. pressures from other sources, notably globalization, or whether there is a danger that the inflationary impact has simply been postponed. The global inflation rate has declined from an annual average of close to 15 per cent in 1980-84 to 3. 8 per cent in 2005. The average inflation rate in the industrial economies fell from almost 9. 5 per cent between 1975 and 1979, and nearly 9 per cent in the early 1980s, to 2. 3 per cent in 2005 and is projected to decline further. In developing countries, the decline has been even steeper and more rapid. In the early 1990s, the average inflation rate in developing countries was around 80 per cent; that had declined to 5. 4 per cent by 2005. The IMF forecasts currently project a further drop, to below 5 percent by 2007 (Kruegar). Over the past two years, inflation in advanced and many emerging market economies has remained remarkably subdued despite a significant rise in commodity prices, strong growth, and a broadly accommodating monetary policy stance in the major currency areas. Some analysts have argued that low and stable inflation reflects more intense global competition, which prevents firms from raising prices and puts downward pressures on wages in many sectors. If so, and given that lower-cost producers in emerging markets and developing countries will continue to integrate into the global trading system, these forces are likely to ensure low inflation in the foreseeable future (World Economic Outlook, â€Å"inflation† 97). This dramatic fall in inflation rates in the recent years owes a great deal to significantly improved macroeconomic management. Monetary policy has become much more effective, helped by the spread of central bank independence and, in many cases, by inflation targeting. And as inflation has declined, and more countries have adopted fiscally prudent policies, growth has become more rapid and, equally important, more durable. In addition, the rapidly expanding role of Asia and, to a lesser extent, the countries of the former Soviet bloc as low-cost manufacturing centers have served to dampen price inflation in high-income countries, where many of these products are consumed (World Bank).

The Character of Uncle Tom Essay Example for Free

The Character of Uncle Tom Essay Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† made such a momentous statement in American culture, at the time it was published, until today, in the 21st century. Some secondary schools had the book banned from their roster of books in their libraries, mainly because of its supposedly controversial nature (The strength of ,2008). The reason why the book has been the root of much controversy is that Ms. Stowe injected a lot of melodrama into her story, to the point that readers considered it a caricature of reality. Some of Ms. Stowe’s detractors contend that she did not sufficiently show the real horror of slavery, but instead, narrating the softer aspect of slavery in her novel (The strength of ,2008). Published in the early 1850’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was said to have contributed to the tension in America over slavery, and encouraged the abolitionist movement (The strength of ,2008). Abolitionists are those who fought for the abolition of slavery in America. Ms. Stowe was said to be a woman who was involved in religious and feminist causes (The strength of ,2008). Ms. Stowe’s influence on the American northern states was undisputed. In fact, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was said to have led to Civil War (The strength of ,2008). It is often reported that Ms. Stowe’s purpose in writing the novel was to expose the evils of slavery in the North, where many Americans were not aware of what was actually going on in the rest of their country (The strength of ,2008). The book, amazingly successful by selling 300,000 copies in its first year, inspired President Lincoln, upon meeting Ms. Stowe, to say, â€Å"So this is the little lady who made this big war (The strength of ,2008). † Uncle Tom’s Cabin 4 Despite this, many historians complain that Ms. Stowe’s novel is historically inaccurate, and that Ms. Stowe grossfully exaggerated the evils in slavery so she can drive home her point. These issues remain largely debated, except for one. The character of Uncle Tom has been detrimentally re-created a hundred times over, and in this paper, I will explore the character behind â€Å"Uncle Tom†, and why it has become what it is in today’s times. Uncle Tom has been charged with demeaning African Americans with his overly subservient behavior (The strength of ,2008). Modern times have derided Uncle Tom, and insist that his nature undermines the real struggles of black freedom through ingratiating himself with their white overseers and master. Ironically, I believe that Ms. Stowe created Uncle Tom to illustrate the brutality and cruelty of slavery during those times, and packaging Uncle Tom into a person filled with humility, dignity and ingrained with a strong, Christian faith (Page, 1996). Up until he drew his dying breath, Uncle Tom showed to be morally superior to his white masters by his ability to forgive those who had abused him to the point of death (Page, 1996). Let me introduce you to Uncle Tom. He is one of the long-suffering slaves of Arthur and Emily Shelby, and a dear friend of their very young son, George, who called him Uncle Tom. Faced with the possibility of losing their farm because of debts, the Shelby’s decide to sell Tom, and the son of Mrs. Shelby’s maid, Harry. When the maid, Eliza, finds out about this, she escapes with her son (Allen, 2008). Tom was sold and while traveling on a riverboat, she rescues a white girl, Eva, when she falls into the river. Her father, Augustine St. Clare, bought Tom from the slave trader Uncle Tom’s Cabin 5 and took him to live on their plantation in New Orleans. Meanwhile, Eliza met up with her fugitive husband, George, in an attempt to reach Canada. At that time, they were being hunted by a slave trader named Loker, whom George eventually shoots in a scuffle. Eliza convinced George to bring the wounded Loker to a Quaker settlement nearby, for medical attention (Allen, 2008). In New Orleans, St. Clare tries to prove to his cousin Ophelia that bias against blacks were wrong, and buys a young slave, Topsy, for Ophelia to educate. Eva dies of a protracted illness, and she shared a vision of heaven in her deathbed. People who heard her account changed for the better, and St. Clare vowed to free Uncle Tom. Before he can do so, St. Clare is fatally wounded in a fight. In anger, his wife sold Uncle Tom to a vicious Northern farm owner, Simon Legree (Allen, 2008). Uncle Tom endured endless tortures from Legree, specially when he refused to whip a fellow slave. Tom found refuge in his Christian faith, which he generously comforted the other slaves with. At one point, Uncle Tome refused to divulge to Legree where two fugitive slaves had run to, so Legree ordered him killed. Before he died, Uncle Tom forgave his killers, who, humbled by the experience, became Christians. Arthur Shelby’s son comes to buy Uncle Tom his freedom, but was too late. George went home to his own farm, frees all his slaves, and reminds them to remember Uncle Tom’s sacrifices and his unwavering faith in Christianity (Allen, 2008). Ms. Stowe described Uncle Tom as benevolent, kind, humble and simple (Willis, 2002). Of course, the white masters did everything to destroy a slave’s dignity and self-respect (Willis, 2002). Nevertheless, Uncle Tom kept his morality, and was transparent Uncle Tom’s Cabin 6 about yearning for freedom. This transparency and honesty is NOT the behavior of a subservient slave, who would not dare to venture his desires for freedom, even to a kind master (Willis, 2002). It is high time we re-think â€Å"Uncle Tom. † We should pay tribute to the depth of Uncle Tom’s character, rather than degrade him into an epithet. This development in latter times of deriding Uncle Tom is perhaps one of the most harmful and tragic historical developments in American culture (Allen, 2008). Despite the brutality in his life as a slave, Uncle Tom stood tall at all times. Sometimes, Uncle Tom would annoy readers because of his goodness. In fact, Uncle Tom could’ve run away from Arthur Shelby who trusted him with money. Yet, Uncle Tom never took advantage of Shelby, because of his deep-seated loyalty to his master (Willis, 2002). In the novel, Ms. Stowe does not provide a background on Uncle Tom. Therefore, one doesn’t know whether his loyalty to Shelby was something that was inculcated with him since childhood if he was born in the Shelby plantation (Willis, 2002). However, it is implied in the story that Shelby’s promise of freedom to Uncle Tom could have made Uncle Tom loyal, although Shelby never confirms when he will free Uncle Tom (Willis, 2002). Shelby even betrays Tom by selling him when he ran into debt (Willis, 2002). No matter what, Uncle Tom still continued to trust white people, and trust in God. Many readers disliked this behavior (Willis, 2002). Speaking of faith, Uncle Tom’s unwavering faith was put to the test when St. Clare sold him to Legree. Even though Uncle Tom maintained his loyalty and faithfulness to his master, he did contemplate about escaping (Willis, 2002). To note, escape for Uncel Uncle Tom’s Cabin 7 Tom was not exactly in the physical sense of escape, but in spiritual escape (Willis, 2002). On the other hand, Legree realized that Uncle Tom was a valuable slave who had capacities for large amounts of work. At the same time, Legree also recognized that he would have to break Uncle Tom’s spirit at some point, if he were to maximize Uncle Tom’s value (Willis, 2002). To recall, during their first confrontation, Legree ordered Uncle Tom to whip a slave girl. Uncle Tom refused by honestly telling Legree that his soul will not surrender to a mortal (Willis, 2002). He even egged on Legree by saying that if he died as a result of beatings, then that would just send him faster to heaven (Willis, 2002). This illustrates that Uncle Tom has been contemplating death, and ultimate escape from slavery. He was pragmatic about Legree, though, and knew with a certainty that Legree will not have second thoughts about killing him for resisting (Willis, 2002). A final confrontation yet occurs between Legree and Uncle Tom, when the former asked Uncle Tom to divulge where two runaway slave girls have gone to (Willis, 2002). Ms. Stowe reiterated that as two slaves brought Uncle Tom before Legree, Uncle Tom acknowledged the power of Legree. Yet, at the same time, he affirmed that God gave him the strength to face death, rather than be traitor to the two helpless runaways Legree was after (Willis, 2002). He sat his basket down by the row, and, looking up, said, Into thy hands I commend my spirit! Thou hast redeemed me, oh Lord God of truth (Willis, 2002)† Like Jesus Christ, Uncle Tom resigned to his faith to Legree. Legree symbolizes the Uncle Tom’s Cabin 8 â€Å"evils of slavery†, while Uncle Tom can be likened to the archangel who resisted Satan’s temptations (Willis, 2002). Through this moments, Uncle Tom’s courage, nobility and humility surfaces when he tells Legree that he is able to shed his blood for the sake of the innocent in the same way that Jesus Christ did (Willis, 2002). Legree deals Uncle Tom his death blow. When he died, he had forgiven his killers. Uncle Tom used passive resistance to the hilt until it brought him closer to his God through death. No. Uncle Tom was not an â€Å"Uncle Tom†. Uncle Tom’s was a more puritanical kind of Christianity (The strength of ,2008). Therefore, if a reader is searching for a revolutionary role-model, someone who captains his own fate in the most shaming circumstances, then he/she will not find that hero in Uncle Tom (Younge, 2004). However, one seldom finds revolutionary role models. Uncle Tom’s sense of duty despite his slavery, is depressing. When his wife urges him to escape together with Eliza, he says: Masr always found me on the spot he always will. I never have broke trust and I never will (Younge, 2004). Moreover, his unwillingness to align his principles to everyone’s own good, is frustrating. When tempted by a slave to kill Legree while the latter was drunk, Uncle Tom said: No! good never comes of wickedness. Id sooner chop my right hand off Uncle Tom’s Cabin 9 The Lord hasnt called us to wrath. We must suffer, and wait his time (Younge, 2004). Uncle Tom instilled in us his belief that he would rather wait for his true freedom in heaven, as opposed to fighting for his freedom on earth. I t is from this same well of belief is Uncle Tom able to preserve his basic humanism, despite daily exposure to degradation and deprivation of respect (Younge, 2004). It is in his stoic faith and consistency do we realize Uncle Tom’s integrity (Younge, 2004). Through his integrity, he was able to stand for himself, encourage and comfort his fellow slaves, yet at the same time, restrain himself from abhorring the whites (Younge, 2004). Hecne, to understand why this epitome of dignity, self-respect and faith has becme an epitome for subservience and betrayal, we have to look at politics, film and the theater (Younge, 2004). Stage renditions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin tookaway radical yet subtle anti-slave messages, turning the story into one, big, minstrel show (Younge, 2004). In fact, Uncle Tom was the first cinematic role played by a first lead in a black film in the year 1914 (Younge, 2004).

LABOR ROOM ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN TAGUM CITY

LABOR ROOM ACCOMMODATION OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN TAGUM CITY PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Background of the Study Comfort is a concept that has a strong association with nursing. Nurses traditionally provide comfort to patients and their families through interventions that can be called comfort measures. The intentional comforting actions of nurses strengthen patients and their families. Caring is about how nurses do their work. The effects of caring are difficult to measure; the effects of comfort interventions (including caring) are measureable(http://www.thecomfortline.com/FAQ.html#beginnings).   Date  Retrieved May 20,2010.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hospital has been the traditional setting for providing care for people. These individuals were admitted to the hospital and were not discharged until they were fully recovered or had used all of the service available within the hospitals (Fundamentals of Nursing Taylor et al. 1993). Hospital specifically in labor room is  in which women in labor are monitored prior to delivery (http://www.pregnology.com/AZ/L/1). Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical comfort include deficit in physiological mechanism that are disrupted or at risk because of an illness or invasive procedure.Social comfort can get through family, friends co-workers, society and relationship with all of the above. Environmental needs include orderliness, quiet, comfortable, furniture, minimal oders and safety as far as is possible in the setting. Psychospiritual comfort needs include the needs of motivation and trust in order for the family to rise above or more peacefully through the discomfort of painful procedure or trauma that cannot be immediately relieved. (Kolcaba).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Todays findings, based on responses 10 NHS health trust, were obtained by the conservatives who attached the government for failing to deliver world-class maternity care for women in London, shadow health secretary Andrew Lasey said, new mothers should not be put through the trauma of giving birth in such inappropriate places. A Washington hospital there were six reported case last year (2008) where babies were born on the antecital ward because of delivery rooms on labor ward (http:www.thisisLondon.comVIC) Date Retrieved, February 22, 2010. Birth Center is designed to provide a comforting, safe experience for every patient during labor. The intrapartum nurses on our unit are attentive to specific patient requests and are recognized for their competence and expertise as key health care providers. Their goal is a safe and healthy delivery for every woman. A large percentage of our direct care nursing staff is nationally certified in their field of expertise and several staff members are also Masters prepared nationally certified nurse midwives. In addition to a highly experienced staff, we also have the pleasure of working with Portland Doulas who are available to support our patients  (http://www.ohsu.edu/) Date Retrieved, May 20,2010 In the hospital of Cebu Puericulture Center and Maternity House all labor-delivery-recovery rooms (LDRs) are designed to accommodate the birthing process from labor through delivery and recovery of mother and baby. Equipment is moved into the room as needed, rather than moving the patient to the equipped room. Each labor room shall contain a hand washing facility and have access to a toilet room. One toilet room may serve two labor rooms. Labor rooms shall have controlled access with doors that are arranged for observation from a nursing station. At least one shower (which may be separate from the labor room if under staff control) for use of patients in labor shall be provided. Windows in labor rooms, shall be located, draped, or otherwise arranged, to preserve patient privacy from casual observation from outside the labor room. Labor room size should be determined by analyzing the needs of the resident(s) to move about the room in a wheelchair, gain access to at least one side of h er bed, turn and wheel around the bed, equipment, including chair, stretcher, and IV stand (http://mapiles.com/cebu-puericulture-center-and-maternity-house-inc/) Date Retrieved, May 24, 2010. The Labor Room of Davao Regional Hospital, Apokon Tagum City is described as one of the most over-populated areas inside the hospital because without complication 3 cms. and up will enter the labor room if with complications they will directly enter the labor room. There were 10 beds available, if a woman belongs to OB ward she will share the bed to another woman; however, if a woman belongs to private rooms she needs not to share the bed to another woman. DRH is considered as one of the tertiary hospitals in the Philippines. In which, this usually has a full complement of services. Since, Davao Regional Hospital cannot say No to patients because it is a public, government establishment. They cannot control the increasing number of patients that were being admitted. Because of that matter pregnant women is subjected to physical, social, environmental and psychospiritual discomfort. The researchers desire to conduct this study because we anticipated that the comfort of pregnant women needs to be studied further if the number of admitted patient influences the comfort. Furthermore, the problem affects the wide variety of pregnant women in Davao Regional Hospital, Tagum City since they are the one who will be deliberated with their situation inside the labor room, because this problem occurs especially if it is a government establishment. Statement of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study aims to determine the relationship between labor room accomodation and comfort of pregnant women in Davao Regional Hospital, Tagum City. Specifically, this study will answer  Ã‚  the following questions: What is the extent of labor room accomodation in terms of: 1.1 Bed assignment 1.2 Nursing assistance 2. What is the level of comfort of pregnant women in terms of: 2.1 Physical 2.2 Social 2.3 Environmental 2.4 Psychospiritual   Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Is there significant difference on the extent of labor room accomodation when analyzed according to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.1 Parity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.2 Hospital room accomodation   Ã‚  4. Is there a significant difference on the level of comfort of pregnant women when analyzed according to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.1 Parity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.2 Hospital room accomodation   5. Is there a significant relationship between the extent  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  labor room accomodation and the level of comfort of pregnant women. Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between the labor room accomodation and the level of comfort of pregnant women. There is no significant difference on the extent of labor room accommodation when analyzed according to parity and hospital room accommodation. There is no significant difference on the level of comfort of pregnant women when analyzed according to parity and hospital room accommodation. There is no significant relationship between the extent of labor room accommodation and the level of comfort of pregnant women. Review of Related Literature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several and varied sources were used and read to gather relevant literature and research. Professional books, journals, periodicals and related research were found valuable sources of articles worthy of being included in the chapter. These article were valuable in the construction of research instruments. Moreover, they helped  Ã‚  enriched the  Ã‚  contents of such. Bed Assignment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hospital address capacity issues in a number of ways. A common approach is to seek licensure for more beds an expensive investment. Expanding bed capacity through licensure may be necessary. But incorporating a bed management system is a less costly solution that makes better use of existing resources. Bed management systems maximize existing capacity by efficiently moving patients through care delivery. Bed manages systems provides nurses data necessary to assess performance measures based on activity, thus increasing resource of effectiveness.(Technology alleviates bed management woes by: Pam Parker, RN, C, BSN, MBA; Nursing Management 2005) Date Retrieved, May 21, 2010. Federal health planners proposed a series standards for most of the nations hospitals that they said would reduce the number of unneeded beds by 100,00 over the next seven years. The standards, which are aimed at further constraining almost runaway hospital charges, would limit acute care hospital beds to four per 1, 000 persons throught the country and set a minimum level of 80 percent occupancy in general hospitals in an effort to force the closing of inefficient and expensive facilities. The specifics of the proposals are also intended in the interests of efficiency to concentrate obstetrical and pediatric services in fewer hospitals and reduce the numbers of high cost (http://news.google.com/newspapers) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. The bed must be adjustable that can be lowered or raised to the position to make you feel more comfy while laboring. So while setting yourself in your delivery or labor room and you dont want using pain relief be sure to pray first and offer all the things that will happen at that moment then have a relaxation and breathing techniques, find comfortable position while in labor, listen to soft and romantic music. Think of good memories with your love ones and think something that makes you smile to ease your pain in laboring. Always think positive so that you can manage the pain (http://www.helium.com/items/1809340-what-to-expect-in-the-labor-room) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Nearly all hospitalized laboring women spend most of the time in bed. We made simple but radical modifications to a hospital labor room, which included the removal of the standard hospital bed and the addition of equipment to promote relaxation, mobility, and calm (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19489810) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. The investigators noted that the bed is a major reason for lack of mobility. Its prominence conveys that it is the appropriate place for laboring women, and a woman in bed offers ready access for interventions, an observation backed up by research. (http://rixarixa.blogspot.com/2009/07/beds-and-birth-rooms.html) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Nursing Assistance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a pregnant trauma patient presents, nurses face and unusual situation; there may be two injured patients, one inside the another. As nurses, we must asses and treat one patient whose body has been anatomically and physiologically change by pregnancy and another whom we cannot see, touch, inserted an IV catheter into, or place an oxygen mask on. Its essential that we understand the changes associated with pregnancy, which can affect both the nature of an injury and  Ã‚  the body respones to it, and their implication in the assessment and treatment of both patients. (Prauma in pregnancy by: Laura M. Criddle, PWD, RN, CEN, CRN, FAEN) Date Retrieved, May 21, 2010 The labor nurse is responsible for monitoring, blood work, vaginal exams, paperwork and many things that you need for giving birth. She is your direct connection to your doctor or midwife and informing them how your labor is going on. She can also give you some suggestions for comfort in your labor from positioning to medications. (http://www.helium.com/items/1809340-what-to-expect-in-the-labor-room) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. In todays  hospitals  and extended care facilities a nurse assistant is an important part of a health care team that includes many personnel outside of  nurses. Nurse assistants are needed to provide routine care so that nurses can provide care that only they can perform, as outlined by each states Nurse Practice Acts. The nurse assistant must not only be very skilled in the actual  procedures  being performed but must also be able to observe a patients condition and report that information back to the nurse. Due to other responsibilities, the nurse cannot spend large amounts of time in the room with the patient so the nurse assistant is often referred to as the nurses eyes and ears (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_nursing_assistant) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Nurse-midwives are registered nurses with advanced training in care of obstetric patients. They provide care for about 6% of the birth in the United States and Canada (ventura et al. 1998). Nurse-midwives may practice with physicians or independently and with an arrangement for a physician back up. They usually see low risk obstetrics patients .( Wong et al. 2002) Nursing assistance has a traditional role and a professional role to fulfill: of clinical assessment of the progress of labor and physical status of mother and fetus. In addition, emotional support is provided by expressing caring and dependability as well as being an advocate for the childbearing woman if needed.   They should display a tolerant non-judgmental attitude, ensuring that the woman is accepted whatever her reactions to labour may be. Women who feel in control of their own bodies, who retain control of their behavior and who feel they have an active part in decision making have a more satisfactory birth experience. (Green et la 1990, Lindow et l 1998, Wallace et al 1995). Physical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bed rest is often prescribed to pregnant women who shows signs of distress of preterm labor, despite of evidenced of its effectiveness in preventing adverse outcomes. Although often thought of as benign, bed rest may include many psychologic and metabolic changes related to musculoskeletal reconditioning. The long term effects of bed rest need to be better understood, and woman who have been on bed rest may need close assessment and rehabilitation to facilitate a return to function and prevent injury (http;//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/436416). Date Retrieved, February 25, 2010.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back pain during late pregnancy is a frequent clinical problem. Very little is known about the impact of this symptom on the quality of life among pregnant women with back pain. The objective of the study is to know the influence of back pain and physical ability on quality of life in late pregnancy. Irrespective of back pain the pregnant women studied featured lower quality of life (QOL) compared with published data on healthy women. Among the women with back problems, who had the most impaired QOL, the factors affecting QOL were mostly related to physical ability (http;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pbmed/10789670) Date Retrieved, February 25, 2010.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All women stated they were physically supported by their female companions. Examples of this physical help included position changing, massaging, and help with walking them to the bathroom. The majority ( n=18) of women stated that the presence of their female relative helped facilitate communicating their wishes and needs to the care providers. The remaining seven women stated that the presence of their female support relative created some minor conflict with midwives, who seemed to view the relatives as interfering  with the process of care. (Enkin, M., Keriese, M., Neilson, J., Crowther, C., Duley, L., Hodnett, E., et al. (2000). Previous research has shown that intrapartum practices in Jordan are not always based on the best on the best evidenced in the literature (Khresheh; Kresheh et al., 2007; Sweidan et al., 2008). Women in the sample expected poor support from their healthcare professionals, but when allowed to have support in labor from family members, they readjusted their expectations and had a more positive experience (Dahlen et al., 2008) The physical support provided by the female companion encouraged this sample of pregnant woman to relax. This may reduce their stress response resulting in an improved pattern of labor ( Taylor et al., 2000). The physiological dimension addresses factors that affect the clients physical status, such as rest and relaxation, treatment of medical condtions, level of nutrition and hydration, and elimination of wastes (Kolcaba, 1992a, p. 34). Physical comfort encompassed all the physiological ramifications of medical problems, which may or may not result in physical sensations immediately. Example of some necessary condtions for physical comfort, in this board sense, are homeostatic mechanism such as fluid/electrolyte balance, stable and normal blood chemistries, adequate oxygen saturation, and other metabolic indicators of health. An additional insight about physical comfort came form Hamiltons comfort theme of positioning. The importance of this type of comfort was prominent in ergonomics and was associated with increased function and productivity (http://books.google.com.ph/books). Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The friendliness and caring of all staff members was central in achieving social comfort. This included their approach and attitudes, continuity of care and a meaningful schedule of events and activites. In such instances, where patients have a limited network of support, nurses may be the most important source of social comfort and therapeutic use of self may enhance comfort more than nurses might realize. Nurses and other team members can facilitate social comfort of the family unit, however, by making them feel at home, important, intelligent and valued. (http://books.google.com.ph/books). Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Many studies have provided evidence about the positive influences that women experience when receiving labor support from a companion present during birth. Sauls 2002 published an overview of the randomized controlled trials related to the effectiveness of labor support on birth and maternal outcomes, reporting that all studies found benefits; the most powerful beneficial effects occurred when support was provided by a birth companion rather than by a health professional. Other studies of laboring have also identified the positive effects of help given by a support companion who was present and provided verbal encouragement (Parpinelli Osis, 2007). A supportive companion has been shown to have a possitive influence on the womans satisfaction with the birth process, and does not interfere with other events, interventions, or neonatal outcome, or breastfeeding. The evidence for the effectiveness of support in labor is strong enough for the World Health Organization to have recommended that woman in labor must be accompanied by people with whom she feels comfortable and trusts ( Bruggemann, , Cecatti, Neto, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is scarcity of evidence on the effects of the presence of companion during the birth process in developing countries. In a larger part of this current study (Kresheh, 2008), a total of 226 nulliparous women who were admitted to Al-karak government hospital for birth were asked if they wanted a female relative to stay with them. Findings showed significant effects on labor and birth outcomes, with less use of pharmacologic pain relief, and improvement in the womens general perception of their birth experience (World Health Organization. 2007). Detractors form social comfort include isolation form family, disregard for cultural traditions, uncaring or anxious nursing behaviors, fragmented care, lack of nursing care when desired, poor social support, and limited resources for ongoing care at home after discharge (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/12/sample-resear-2.html) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Environmental   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clearly, the right environment for healing and health promotion was considered an important source of comfort by nurses interested in holistic care. Today, environmental comfort is a key aspect of units specifically designed to promote physical and cognitive function of hospitalized persons (http://books.google.com.ph/books? ) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. There are more than 4 million chemical mixtures in homes and businesses in this country, with little information on the effects most of them during pregnancy. However, a few are known to be harmful to an unborn baby. Most of these are found in the workplace, but certain environmental pollutants found in air and water, as well as chemicals used at home, may pose as risk during pregnancy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A pregnant woman can inhale these chemicals, ingest them in food or drink, or, in some cases, absorb them through the skin. For most hazardous substances, a pregnant woman would have to be exposed to a large amount for a long time in order for them to harm her baby. Most workplace have preventive measures to help make sure this doesnt happen. Pregnant women can take steps to help protect themselves and their babies from pollutants and potentially risky chemicals used at home. (http://www.marchofdimes.com/aboutus/681_9146.asp) Date Retrieved, December 19, 2010.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since almost all non-pharmacological methods of pain relief require you to relax in some ways, having an environment that promotes relaxation can improve your chances of laboring without medication. Even if you choose to use medication during your labor, the environment sets the tone for your labor and may play a part in your mood. (http://www.birthingnaturally.net/birthplan/options/environment.html) Date Retrieved, December 19, 2010. Factors in the environment that distract form pregnant womens comfort are cold, noise, chaos, endless bright lights, bad odors, lack of privacy and uncomfortable stretchers, chairs, and beds. Unmet safety need can detract form comfort and include a lack of properly functioning equipment, security problems, security hazards, inaacurate care poor aseptic/sterile techniques resulting in nosocomial infections and medication or treatment errors. Freeing patients form restraints and restrictive devices such as intravenous lines, noninvasive monitors and intermittent, rather than continuous, monitoring when appropriate (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/12/sample-resear-2.html) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. The labor room should be such that the woman is not considered is not constrained by lack of privacy or lack of supports such as cushions and beds from adopting her preferred position. In a hospital environment, it may help to move the labor from its traditional place in the middle of the room, and to place other support such as cushions and birth balls the room so that the mother is free to roam from one to another as the labor dictates. Low lighting and music of her choice may help the woman to see a safe and secure place to give birth. Minimizing unnecessary intrusion by the other   member of staff is essential.(Fraser et al.2003) Psychospiritual Anxiety is a major distractor form psychospiritual comfort and some include in this context are confusing, incomplete or negative information; threatening diagnoses; fear and the prspect of a change in routine or health status (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/12/sample-resear-2.html) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Hamiltons second comfort theme was self-esteem, including faith in God, being independent, feeling relaxed, being informed and feeling useful. The contexts of pyschological and spiritual comfort are combined to form psychospirtual context. Psychospiritual comfort includes mental, emotional, and spiritual components of self. The definition that has evolved is whatever gives life meaning for an inidvial and entails self-esteem, self-concept, sexuality and ones relationship to a higher order or being. (Kolcaba, K., 1997). Parity Traditionally,  elder or mature pregnant women are believed to have more adverse pregnancy outcomes  than younger pregnant women. In fact, the great majority of  the medical literature concerning late childbearing relates  to women between the ages of 35-40 years. However, many   of these studies showed the pregnancy performance and neonatal  outcome among the group of mothers aged >35 years are similar  to those of younger age (Kirz  et al., 1985; Ho  et al., 1986).  These findings therefore constitute a challenge to the current  definition of advanced maternal age, which uses 35 years as  the cut-off point with reference to the age-related effects  on pregnancy outcome. The primiparous mothers had a higher incidence of antepartum  hemorrhage and hypertensive disorder. The factors influencing birth experience as acceptable were multiparous women (Para 2-3) in 128 (68.08%) cases; primigravidas in 61 (80.26%) cases, study have shown that the pain threshold of pregnant women differs from the number of birth experiences. Furthermore, labour pain is nearly a universal experience for childbearing women but threshold of this pain varies between individuals (http://jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=2106) Date Retrieved, May 24, 2010. Hospital room Accommodation   In some countries a labor companion is not allowed for cultural or other reasons (policy does not allow, place too crowded, no privacy, bad advice from companion etc). It was discussed and agreed that there is need for midwives to use their knowledge and scientific evidence available to influence policy to ensure that in those countries where companions are not allowed, this can be considered. In those countries where the companion is allowed but not permitted into the labor ward because they give bad advice, the midwives were challenged to ensure that the companion is given adequate information before the labor starts so that the companion becomes more positive and helpful during labor.  Ã‚  http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/ICM_report_eng.pdf) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. According to the CHCAAs interpretation, the Ontario Health Insurance Act requires that public hospital must provide overnight accommodation at the standard ward level at no charge to the patient. In addition, The Canada Health Act states that all Canadians are entitled to the level of accommodation required by the patients medical condition at no charge. Funding including Federal Transfer Payments for these scenarios is provided to the hospitals by the province (http://www.chcaa.org/education/HospitalWP.pdf) Date Retrieved, May 23, 2010. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework In the theory of comfort by Katharine Kolcaba staes that the comfort is a concept that has a strong association with nursing. Nurses traditionally provide comfort to patients and their families through interventions that can be called comfort measures. The international comforting actions of nurses strengthen patients and their families ( who can be found into their own homes, in hospitals, agencies, communities, states and nations ). When patients and families are strengthened by actions of health care personnel (nurses ), they can be engage in health seeking behavior. (http://www.thecomfortline.com/comfort-theory.html) The researcher anchored this theory in their research since the dependent variable in this research is comfort. Basically the main topic here is about the comfort that the mothers in the labor room are experiencing. every patient in the hospital deserves to have comfort. Kolcaba derived the contexts in which comfort is experienced form the literature of holism and she defined them as physical, psychospiritual, environmental and social. The physical comfort pertains to the bodily sensations. Psychospiritual relate to internal awareness of self, including esteem, self-concept, sexuality and meaning in life, relationship to a higher order or being. Environmental have relevance to external surroundings, conditions and influences. Social appertain to interpersonal, family and societal relationships. In this research, the researchers are trying to find out the relationship of lack of beds in the comfort of pregnant women in the labor room of Davao Regional Hospital Tagum City. Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. It consist of three variables. The Independent variable is the labor room accommodation and the dependent variable is the comfort of pregnant women. The moderators are the parity and ward.   Independent variable Dependent varieable Comfort of Pregnant Women Physical Comfort Social Comfort Environmental Comfort Psychospiritual Comfort Labor Room Accommodation Bed assignment Nursing Assistance   Parity Hospital Room Accommodation   Moderator  variable   Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study Significance of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study will give benefits and useful information to people in the field of nursing particularly: Pregnant women:  the outcome of the study will help them obtain their desired comfort when in labor. Nurses:  Ã‚  The outcome of the study will give them the knowledge the value of comfort of Pregnant women. Administration:  Ã‚  The outcome of the study will recognize adjustment to cater and to give genuine care for all the pregnant women. Student Nurses:  The outcome fo the study will assist them to provide more extensive comfort of pregnant women appropriately. Definition of terms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For easy understanding, in the study the following major terms are herein defined conceptually and operationally. Labor room accomodation. The labor room should be such that the woman is not considered is not constrained by lack of privacy or lack of supports such as cushions and beds from adopting her preferred position. In a hospital environment, it may help to move the labor from its traditional place in the middle of the room, and to place other support such as cushions and birth balls I the room so that the mother is free to roam from one to another as the labor dictates. Low lighting and music of her choice may help the woman to see a safe and secure place to give birth. Minimizing unnecessary intrusion by the other   member of staff is essential.(Fraser et al.2003). In our study, it refers to the intrapartal care received by the pregnant women in Davao Regional Hospital. Bed assignment. Hospital beds are electrically operated. The staff will show you how to work your bed properly. Your hospital bed is probably higher and narrower than your bed at home, and includes bedside rails for your protection. The rails may be raised for your safety or at your request, if youre resting, recovering from surgery or taking certain medications. http://www.multicare.org/allenmore/hospital-amenities/ In our study, beds are classified as to what hospital room accommodation is choosen. Nursing assistance.  The Nursing Assistant is an important member of the health care team who often holds a high level of experience and ability, but without qualification is unable to often perform some tasks due to issues of liability and legality.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_nursing_assistant. In our study, it focuses on the maternity care from which the pregnant women is subjected inside the labor room until she is